Miraculin, the extract of a West African fruit, is said to make sour foods taste sweet. It's not sugary, but it's said to trick your taste buds into misreporting the flavor of the food you're eating. One of my students, Bill Zeller, bought some miraculin and a group of us tried it out. Here, in the interest of science, is my report.
Miraculin is a lumpy powder, dull red in color, that results from freeze-drying the flesh of the so-called miracle fruit. Here's about twenty-five grams of miraculin, with a lime for size comparison.
Bill bought fifty grams of miraculin, which came by mail from Ghana. Both Ghana and the U.S. required customs paperwork before the fruit-based product could be shipped. Here's the Republic of Ghana export permit.
I took a lump of miraculin, weighing a gram or two, and carefully ate it, pushing it around on my tongue as it dissolved.
It didn't have much taste, and the texture was a bit gummy. Once it was all dissolved I waited a minute or so for the effect to kick in. The effect is said to wear off after about twenty minutes, so it was time for the taste test to begin.
As predicted, the miraculin made sour things taste sweet. Lemon wedges tasted like sweet lemonade. Lime wedges were sweet too. I could still sense the acidity of the fruit, and there was a detectable sour taste but it seemed to be covered over with a pleasant citrus sweetness. I could have eaten whole lemons or limes with no problem.
The grapefruit was stunning, perhaps the best-tasting fruit I have ever eaten. The ones we had were pretty sweet already as grapefruit go, but with miraculin they were distinctly but not overly sweet, and the underlying grapefruit flavor came through beautifully. I had to stop myself from wolfing down several grapefruit.
After the fruit I tried some other foods that were handy. Pizza tasted about the same as usual, though the tomato sauce had a slightly sweet tinge. Diet Dr. Pepper tasted normal. I tried some Indian food – samosas and curried chickpeas – and found the flavor unchanged except that the spiciness was intensified. The normally mild potato-based samosa filling had a spicy kick. Miraculin did nothing for a sweet dessert.
My verdict on miraculin? It's pleasant and I'm glad I tried it, but it's not a life-changing experience. I can imagine it becoming popular. It makes some healthy foods taste better, and it's not too expensive. The amount I had would cost less than a dollar today if you bought in bulk, and there must be unexploited economies of scale.
Thanks to Bill Zeller for getting the miraculin,
to my co-investigators,
and Alex Halderman for taking the photos.
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Not to profess expertise, but many foods/substances are known to modify taste perception of specific other foods, although often rather subtly. That's why in almost all cuisines courses are carefully matched and sequenced, and matched with appropriate side dishes and drinks. I have often noticed this accidentally, perhaps I should pay more attention and log my experiences to enhance my culinary experience and cut out all those unhealthy snacks I consume for temporary gratification.
thank you very very nıce thankyou very very much...
"in the interest of science"?!?
Science my ass. Science would be (at least):
1. The (taxonomic) name of the plant, where it comes from, what are the conditions it grows in, etc. In short, everything about the plant.
2. The process by which the "miraculin" was obtained/extracted from that plant.
3. The chemical causing the effect.
4. Explanation of how it acts on taste buds.
5. How safe is this extract for my general health, what are the safe dosages, and in particular,
6. A guarantee that tomorrow (that is after consuming the "miraculin") my tongue doesn't rot and fall off.
7. A guarantee that my kidneys & liver will still be working, say, 50 years from my first consummation of "miraculin".
8. A guarantee that it is not addictive.
9. And everything else in between.
Until then, this is just a bunch of bull. And I bet a few whiffs of hemp would have the same effect. Not only would you be able to eat a ton of limes, they would actually taste good. Better than what you described with miraculin anyway.
The chemical's actual name is miraculin. It's a protein. And you're a pompous gasbag. Maybe this guy isn't a professional researcher documenting every single detail to your liking, but he did an experiment and recorded some results. There's something scientific in that, even if it doesn't make it up to your exacting standards--which, no doubt, you only apply to other people, not yourself.
1. Synsepalum dulcificum or Richadella dulcifica, West Africa, soil of pH 4.5 - 5.8, free from frost and in partial shade with high humidity. 8-10 years to bear fruit, 2 crops per year after the rainy season.
2. Theerasilp, S and Kurihara, Y (1988) Journal of Biological Chemistry 263, 11536-11539
3. Miraculin.
4. Miraculin binds to a site near the sweet receptor. When sour substances then are tasted, a conformational change in the taste cell membrane occurs in such a way as to bring the miraculin molecule into contact with the sweet receptor, activating it.
5-8. Entirely safe. It has been consumed for thousands of years in its native country without any of the rather colourful effects you describe.
Anonymous,
Chill out. It's a fruit, for God's sake.
Of course we did our homework before we ingested the stuff. It's legal and safe.
This is the sort of thing that gets you kicked out of the garden of Eden, you know...
I wonder if it enhances capsaicin?
Very nice.
But what about the "yuchy" vegetables that kids and most adults hate? Would it make cabbage or brussel sprouts sweet? That would be more miraculous than citrus which is already sweet.
How about a powder that makes broccoli taste like chocolate?
Did you go to University of Richmond, class of 03?
Jim: When the point is making things sweet, there are those miracle substances called sugar and honey. (As in "honey glazed ham".)
Actually, science is a process of formulating a testable hypothesis, testing it, and reporting the results. What you're asking for is for formal science, which is a structure that goes above the core work of science. And besides, you left out the most important scientific question
0. Who is willing to provide sufficient grant money to continue this research?
[...] Last Friday, the regulars at the IT Policy reading group meeting tried something completely different. Instead of discussing the paper of the week, the meeting became an event to sample sour foods before and after eating miraculin, an extract of miracle fruit. (For pictures and additional details, see Ed Felten’s blog entry.) In a nutshell, miraculin binds to a receptor on one’s tongue and has the effect of making sour things taste sweet. [...]
Sugar won't make brussels sprouts palatable. Something that gums up the bitter taste receptors might. My recommendation is that if you absolutely must consume cruciform vegetables, get them powdered in gelcap form somehow. That way they get digested normally, but not tasted, and unlike taking the usual multivitamins you'll get anything beneficial in the vegetables that chemists haven't identified, as well as the things they have.
Anonymous,
You put the "bore" in "science"!
(Yes, I know there is no "bore" in "science", but sometimes you need to break the rules).
See also cynarin from artichokes.
http://rhosgobel.blogspot.com/2007_01_01_archive.html
"How about a powder that makes broccoli taste like chocolate?"
SexyLosers had a subplot about a drug that changed taste perception, sort of along those lines, but I'm at work now and can't really go digging on their Web site to find it.
So, where did you guys purchase it from? Only available from shady online dealers?
A little late, but was doing some research myself ;) incase anyone needs an updated answer lol
I have been interested in this stuff for a while where did you order it from? I have seen some places to get it but I wanted to order it from someone who had success and wasn't overly hassled/unhappy with the order.
I also know that a similar effect that everyone might be more familiar with is the ability of mint to mask sweet flavors (quite the opposite of the miraculin). This is why orange juice tastes so bad after mint gum chewing.
Could be an interesting ingredient to use instead of salt around the rim of a margarita glass, no?
Very interesting post, thank you.
[...] Freedom to Tinker » Blog Archive » Miracle Fruit: Tinkering with our Taste Buds Should have shipment coming for the bar… (tags: food interesting) [...]
Can this be a sugar substitute?
Sugar = dibetes, obesity... huge cost to society...
I can see it now. Try new miraculin coke!
That... is awesome! I'm all about trying new foods and such, and while not technically a food in my book, is pretty cool and worth a try. I'm going to attempt to obtain some of this stuff. Lots of tests will be conducted, and I'll post my findings back on this blog. Thanks for conducting the test!
But can we use it as an alternative to petroleum.
Now THAT would be a miracle.
Neither the fruit, nor other methods that have been used to produce mass quantities of this chemical even come close to being efficient enough to fuel cars with, even if that were possible. You'd still be looking a mighty expensive fill-ups, as this would surely cost many, many times as much per gallon as gasoline ever has.
The truth is, if you strip out the subsidies and mandates, ethanol is also less efficient than gasoline too.
And the idea of using up arable land growing fuel, instead of food, is ridiculous anyway, when we can use up considerably less land using things like oil, coal, and nuclear energy. That way, our energy preferences won't necessarily starve people in poor countries by driving up the price of food--which is what ethanol mandates have actually done.
But I guess you weren't really expecting a serious answer.
Fascinating stuff! Thank you for your selfless sacrifice in the interest of scientific research.
Wikipedia notes that it's been suggested that Miraculin actually changes the structure of the taste bud. Would be an interesting complication to wine pairing for a meal that bends your tastebuds!
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The professor should have tried pussy. Would my girlfriend swallow with the help of miraculin?
The professor is a computer geek, so where the heck would he find any? Last I checked, it's only available to people who meet certain shallowness, maximum-IQ, and minimum-income requirements. :P
Not sure if it's the same substance (but looks the same and has a similar effect - from my personal observations), but sometimes they serve it (in say, a salt shaker type thing) at restaurants in HK when they bring out citrus (or melon type) fruits after dinner.
I wonder if it's the same... must find chinese name...
무방문 대출
Turns out it is not so hard to find. Just check with your local nursery and ask around. I found the plants available in Houston for $35 each. I am told they are ready to bear fruit in the next couple of weeks. While we all may be excited about it, garden centers are way ahead of us. No need to check with customs professor... you probably could have gotten some down the street.
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Neo,
What makes you think science can gelcap vegetables in a way that will keep "the good stuff" they "haven't identified" available?
[...] Freedom to Tinker » Blog Archive » Miracle Fruit: Tinkering with our Taste Buds Miraculin (tags: sweet food) [...]
Cool! If you want weird foods, how about a tea that you can literally knock people out with >> http://www.puerhcha.com
Yeah, my aunt lives in Mareeba in North Queensland (Australia) and has the actual fruit tree growing in her garden.
We often eat the fruit (very small and is mostly seed) and then eat kumquats, makes them taste great.
Never had it in the powdered form, one little fruit is usually enough.
Anonymous is a bitch
[...] In other news, I can’t access Facebook at work for some reason, but I did get to start my online Dungeons and Dragons campaign. It should be a great time. My lease is expiring at the end of May, so I am going to be busy moving out for the next week or so. I am visiting Kelly this weekend, so I’m going to have to move things out slowly. There’s so much shit we’ve accumulated; I’m not sure what to do with it all (besides invest in some of this). [...]
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[...] http://www.freedom-to-tinker.com/?p=01151 [...]
(Boy! 'Anonymous' got out of the wrong side of the bed!) A major problem in our society today is misunderstanding of science. Anonymous pushes that to new heights. Science is the Scientific Method - 1. Hypothesize. 2. Test. 3. Evaluate results. Nowhere in the scientific method is there information about taxonomic groupings or weenies falling off..... Interesting to see that the sourc tastes seemed apparent but muted or somehow altered. A very difficult topic since taste (like smell) can be quite variable among different individuals...
"Miraculin" i know this is African fruit
but this Taste i didn't like.........................
Anonymous needs a colonoscopy -yesterday. He is correct about the misuse of the concept of science but jesh, this is a blog for goodness sake.
Tell you what, if Quaaludes ever become over the counter, I'm sending him a coupon.
[...] Felten, in his blog Freedom to Tinker, documents a tasting he had with some friends/students, and he had this to say: “The grapefruit was stunning, [...]
I would wager that miraculin (the active compound in miracle fruit) is an ion channel or signal transduction inhibitor. By blocking your sense of sourness (based on acidity in food), your other gustatory senses are enhanced. That would also explain why your reaction to other (non sour) foods are unaffected.
A counterexample of this would be monosodium glutamate, a glutamate agonist for the umami (G-coupled) receptors that convey your sense of "savoriness" as in meat and mushrooms.
How/ where can I purchase this powder??
[...] Check out the article for more info and pictures of Ed eating lemons and grapefruit. Freedom to Tinker: Miracle Fruit: Tinkering with our Taste Buds [...]