As a technologist I find the most interesting, and scariest, part of the Grokster opinion to be the discussion of product design decisions. The Court seems to say that Sony bars liability based solely on product design (p. 16):
Sony barred secondary liability based on presuming or imputing intent to cause infringement solely from the design of distribution of a product capable of substantial lawful use, which the distributor knows is in fact used for infringement.
And again (on p. 17),
Sony‘s rule limits imputing culpable intent as a matter of law from the characteristics or uses of a distributed product.
But when it comes time to lay out the evidence of intent to foster infringement, we get this (p. 22):
Second, this evidence of unlawful objective is given added significance of MGM’s showing that neither company attempted to develop filtering tools or other mechanisms to diminish the infringing activity using their software. While the Ninth Circuit treated the defendants’ failure to develop such tools as irrelevant because they lacked an independent duty to monitor their users’ activity, we think this evidence underscores Grokster’s and StreamCast’s intentional facilitation of their users’ infringement.
It’s hard to square this with the previous statements that intent is not to be inferred from the characteristics of the product. Perhaps the answer is in -footnote 12, which the court hangs off the last word in the previous quote:
Of course, in the absence of other evidence of intent, a court would be unable to find contributory infringement liability merely based on a failure to take affirmative steps to prevent infringement, if the device otherwise was capable of substantial noninfringing uses. Such a holding would tread too close to the Sony safe harbor.
So it seems that product design decisions are not to be questioned, unless there is some other evidence of bad intent to open the door.
To make things worse, the Court here criticizes Grokster and StreamCast for making a very reasonable engineering decision. There is every reason to believe that filtering technology would add to the cost and complexity of the companies’ software, without substantially reducing infringement. (We discussed this issue in the computer science professors’ brief.) In short, the Court here engages in exactly the kind of design second-guessing that technologists fear.
Legitimate technologists will still worry that a well-funded plaintiff can cook up a stew of product design second-guessing, business model second-guessing, and occasional failures of copyright compliance by low-level employees, into an active inducement case. This risk existed before, and the Court today hasn’t done much to reduce it.
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Grokster descision roundup
Lots of people are holding out at length today about how the Supreme court (take your pick) did the right thing for the copyright holders, totally blew it for innovation or cut the baby in half just right. Some of them even think the court simply punte…
I’ve just read the Court’s decision myself and, as much as I hate to admit it, I agree with the Court.
The key point of the Opinion seems to be pages 19-20. There, Justice Souter clearly states that mere distribution of a product that has both non-infringing and infringing uses, provision of technical support for the product or knowledge that the product can (or will) be used for infringement do not suffice to prove liability for vicarious or contributory infiringement. Indeed, those actions have to be coupled with “purposeful, culpable expression and conduct” to induce a person to infringe a copyright.
From my pespective, it’s a common-sensical rule.
Thus, the basis for Streamcast’s and Grokster’s liability (if any) is, ultimatel, not based simply on the nature of their respective products (P2P software) but on the ways and means both companies have “sold” and “promoted” that product.
In the case at bar, MGM and the other copyright holders have provided sufficient evidence that both defendants “sold” and “promoted” their repsective products to the masses as a means of obtaining copyrighted material for free to, at the very least, survive a motion for summary judgment by the defendants.
As a result, I don’t think MGM vs. Grokster will have all that large an impact on the pace of technological innovation, especially on the development of technologies to distribute digital content. It will, however, have a noticeable impact on the business models of quite a number of the P2P companies.
Shame on Justice Ginsberg! And to think she was once general counsel for the ACLU.